Alexander Lehouck
Ghent University, History, Alumnus
- Landscape Archaeology, Medieval Archaeology, Geoarchaeology, Medieval History, Archaeological Prospection, Medieval Architecture, and 68 moreArchaeology of Buildings, Archaeological survey, Landscape History, Brick and tile (Archaeology), Medieval Brick Architecture, Cistercians, Cistercian architecture, Archaeological Geophysics, Archaeological geophysics (Archaeology), Toponymy, Environmental Archaeology, History of Archaeology, Archaeology, Cistercian Studies, Vernacular Architecture, Bricks, Architecture Médiévale, Medieval Studies, Early Medieval Archaeology, Household Archaeology, Castle Studies, Medieval castles, Architecture Vernaculaire, Medieval Europe, Castles, Monasticism, Monastic Studies, Archaeology of Medieval Monasteries, Medieval Flanders, Medieval Low Countries, Medieval Church History, Early Medieval History, Medieval urban history, Fortified Settlements (Archaeology), Medieval France, History of architecture, Architectural History, Environmental History, Economic History, Political History, History and Memory, Cultural History, History, Genealogy-Family History, Medieval genealogy, Family history, Premonstratensians, History of the Low Countries, Early Middle Ages (History), Burgundian Low Countries, Nobility, Medieval Nobility, Medieval Aristocracy, Cistercian Farms, Cistercian monasteries, 14th century Flanders, Elites, Aristocracy, Feudalism, Feudalism and Lordship, Burgundian Netherlands, Cult of Saints, History of Monasticism, Monastic Architecture, Medieval Ecclesiastical History, Medieval Bishops, Veurne, and Dunes Abbeyedit
- Belgian Archaeologist (UGent, 2001), born in Veurne (Belgium), 1978. Research Staff Member Archaeology of the Ten Du... moreBelgian Archaeologist (UGent, 2001), born in Veurne (Belgium), 1978.
Research Staff Member Archaeology of the Ten Duinen Abbey Museum and responsible for archaeology in the township of Koksijde;
Research interests: medieval archaeology, architecture and history of Flanders and beyondedit
Clay is one of the oldest raw materials used for manufacturing building materials. During the reign of Augustus (1st century AD) ‘fired stone’ became a real innovation and spread throughout Europe. The fall of the Roman Empire marked the... more
Clay is one of the oldest raw materials used for manufacturing building materials.
During the reign of Augustus (1st century AD) ‘fired stone’ became a real innovation and spread throughout Europe. The fall of the Roman Empire marked the end of the use of brick north of the Alps. It continued to be used however south of the Alps, in certain areas in the south of France and in Spain. From the 6th to the 12th century no more brick buildings were built north of the Alps, although there is broad consensus that the knowledge of fired (‘burned’) clay was never lost (just think of the production of pottery, roof and floor tiles and… even the sparingly used bricks we know of that period). Research in north-western France and South East England on the supposed reused Roman bricks in Norman and Anglo-Saxon buildings proved the existence of an early medieval brick production. Data for some areas in the south of France (e.g. Toulouse), the central Alps, Lorraine and the Dauphiné had previously shown already the experience of brick-making before the 12th century renaissance. So these were not always – as was long assumed – recycled Roman bricks. Even so, it is not until the second half of the 12th and the first half of the 13th century that brick experiences a real renaissance again – nearly simultaneously all over Europe. In the 2nd half of the 13th century, building with bricks had become commonplace. In this article we are presenting an overview of the available data relating to the start of brick architecture in various regions north of the Alps. We’ll highlight the first use of brick per region within their geopolitical, economic and cultural context. The example of the Low Countries in the question of the Cistercian origin, will clearly demonstrate what motives were behind the earliest use of brick.
During the reign of Augustus (1st century AD) ‘fired stone’ became a real innovation and spread throughout Europe. The fall of the Roman Empire marked the end of the use of brick north of the Alps. It continued to be used however south of the Alps, in certain areas in the south of France and in Spain. From the 6th to the 12th century no more brick buildings were built north of the Alps, although there is broad consensus that the knowledge of fired (‘burned’) clay was never lost (just think of the production of pottery, roof and floor tiles and… even the sparingly used bricks we know of that period). Research in north-western France and South East England on the supposed reused Roman bricks in Norman and Anglo-Saxon buildings proved the existence of an early medieval brick production. Data for some areas in the south of France (e.g. Toulouse), the central Alps, Lorraine and the Dauphiné had previously shown already the experience of brick-making before the 12th century renaissance. So these were not always – as was long assumed – recycled Roman bricks. Even so, it is not until the second half of the 12th and the first half of the 13th century that brick experiences a real renaissance again – nearly simultaneously all over Europe. In the 2nd half of the 13th century, building with bricks had become commonplace. In this article we are presenting an overview of the available data relating to the start of brick architecture in various regions north of the Alps. We’ll highlight the first use of brick per region within their geopolitical, economic and cultural context. The example of the Low Countries in the question of the Cistercian origin, will clearly demonstrate what motives were behind the earliest use of brick.
Research Interests: Building Materials (Archaeology), Medieval Europe, Medieval Architecture, Cistercian architecture, Cistercians, and 11 moreCeramic building materials (Archaeology), Brick and tile (Archaeology), Medieval Flanders, Medieval European Religious and Secular Architecture, Gothic architecture, Brick and Tile, Architectural Ceramics, Medieval Brick Architecture, Material Architecture, CBM - ceramic building materials, and Dunes Abbey
L'argile est l'une des plus vieilles matières premières pour la fabrication de matériaux de construction. La chute de l'Empire romain a marqué la fin de l'utilisation de la brique au nord des Alpes. La brique ne ressurgit véritablement... more
L'argile est l'une des plus vieilles matières premières pour la fabrication de matériaux de construction. La chute de l'Empire romain a marqué la fin de l'utilisation de la brique au nord des Alpes. La brique ne ressurgit véritablement qu' à partir de la deuxième moitié du XIIe s. et de la première moitié du XIIIe s.; dans la deuxième moitié du XIIIe s., la brique était devenue le matériau de construction le plus utilisé. Dans cet article, nous discutons les données concernant les premiers temps de l'architecture en briques au nord des Alpes, dans des régions différentes du point de vue géopolitique, économique et culturel. La question de l'origine cistercienne de la brique, vue des Pays-Bas, révélera son utilisation.
Research Interests: Medieval Architecture, Cistercian architecture, Cistercians, Brick and tile (Archaeology), Medieval buildings, and 11 moreGothic architecture, Cisterciens, Early gothic architecture, Architettura Medievale, Bricks, Medieval Brick Architecture, Architecture Médiévale, Architecture Gothique, Terres Cuites Architecturales, TCA - terres cuites architecturales, and Dunes Abbey
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La construction des castra carolingiens dans la plaine côtière flamande est mise en relation avec leur hiérarchie socio-économique et ceci à travers un cadre de géographique historique. La problématique est naturellement dépendante de la... more
La construction des castra carolingiens dans la plaine côtière flamande est mise en relation avec leur hiérarchie socio-économique et ceci à travers un cadre de géographique historique. La problématique est naturellement dépendante de la pauvreté des sources archéo-historiques et de l’état actuel de recherches archéologiques. L’histoire du peuplement est encore mal conne, surtout du point de vue archéologique. A partir de la compréhension et de l’explication de la transformation du paysage, il est essayé de replacer les éléments spatiaux de peuplement des environs des castra carolingiens.
The construction of Carolingian castra in the Flemish coastal plain is put into the context of their socio-economic hierarchy, within their geographical and historical context. The problem is naturally constrained by the lack of archaeological-historical sources, and the present state of archaeological research. The history of the populating process remains little known, particularly from an archaeological point of view. Using our understanding and the interpretation of landscape changes, we attempt to reconstruct the spatial elements of population around the Carolingian castra.
The construction of Carolingian castra in the Flemish coastal plain is put into the context of their socio-economic hierarchy, within their geographical and historical context. The problem is naturally constrained by the lack of archaeological-historical sources, and the present state of archaeological research. The history of the populating process remains little known, particularly from an archaeological point of view. Using our understanding and the interpretation of landscape changes, we attempt to reconstruct the spatial elements of population around the Carolingian castra.
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The archaeological evaluation of landscapes in the framework of developer-led archaeology is often based on extensive trenching programmes complemented with auger surveys in wetland environments. During the archaeological evaluation of a... more
The archaeological evaluation of landscapes in the framework of developer-led archaeology is often based on extensive trenching programmes complemented with auger surveys in wetland environments. During the archaeological evaluation of a 90 ha polder site in the north-west of Belgium, a mobile multi-receiver electromagnetic
induction (EMI) survey was used as a main prospecting technique. The use of a mobile survey allowed to map the entire study area at a very fine resolution (over 25 measurements per m2). Incorporating a multi-receiver EMI instrument enabled measuring the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and the apparent
magnetic susceptibility (MSa) of four different soil volumes simultaneously at each location. The detailed maps provided insight into the archaeological and geomorphological features of the site. Among the detected structures were a large medieval farmstead, a palaeoriver system and a number of military remains from
World War I (WWI). The vertical discrimination potential added insight into the vertical facies changes, which allowed modeling the palaeolandscape and helped determining the depth of detected medieval features. The different MSa measurements gave additional insight into the WWI structures. In this paper, we give an overview of the possibilities of combining multiple ECa measurements for interpreting vertical
soil variability together with an example of the added information from simultaneously gathered MSa data. More generally, the diverse potential of multi-receiver EMI survey for geoarchaeological research is demonstrated.
induction (EMI) survey was used as a main prospecting technique. The use of a mobile survey allowed to map the entire study area at a very fine resolution (over 25 measurements per m2). Incorporating a multi-receiver EMI instrument enabled measuring the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and the apparent
magnetic susceptibility (MSa) of four different soil volumes simultaneously at each location. The detailed maps provided insight into the archaeological and geomorphological features of the site. Among the detected structures were a large medieval farmstead, a palaeoriver system and a number of military remains from
World War I (WWI). The vertical discrimination potential added insight into the vertical facies changes, which allowed modeling the palaeolandscape and helped determining the depth of detected medieval features. The different MSa measurements gave additional insight into the WWI structures. In this paper, we give an overview of the possibilities of combining multiple ECa measurements for interpreting vertical
soil variability together with an example of the added information from simultaneously gathered MSa data. More generally, the diverse potential of multi-receiver EMI survey for geoarchaeological research is demonstrated.
Research Interests: Archaeology, Geophysics, Soil Science, Geoarchaeology, Archaeogeophysics, and 10 moreMedieval Archaeology, Archaeological Prospection, Archaeological Geophysics, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Electromagnetic Induction, Magnetic Susceptibility, Electrical Conductivity, Electrical Conductivity of Soils, and GEODERMA
Mobile multi-receiver electromagnetic induction sensors provide simultaneous readings of the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) from overlapping soil volumes. Therefore, small contrasting features can be difficult to identify because... more
Mobile multi-receiver electromagnetic induction sensors provide simultaneous readings of the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) from overlapping soil volumes. Therefore, small contrasting features can be difficult to identify because they have a limited contribution to the bulk measurement, especially if they are present in the subsoil (i.e. beneath the topsoil). Integrating ECa data from simultaneous measurements with multiple coil configurations has the potential to elucidate the variability within the soil profile as it enables modelling the electrical conductivity (EC) for distinct depth intervals. Therefore, it was our objective to develop a methodology to enhance the delineation of contrasting subsoil features, such as in-filled gullies and archaeological features. We selected a 3.5 ha study site where contrasting features were expected. A three-layered build-up was taken as the initial EC-slicing model. After varying the interface depths, the shallowest and deepest EC-depth slice showed a clear minimum of their combined variances at interface depths of 0.36 m, which corresponded to the ploughing depth, and 0.86 m. This implies that the EC-depth slice in-between these depths, contained a demonstrably higher variability. A sub-area of 0.85 ha was completely excavated to a depth of 0.7 m, revealing the subsoil features and the host material. An automated edge detection algorithm showed that the EC-depth slice was superior to any individual ECa measurement for delineating the contrasting subsoil features. Therefore, we concluded that depth slicing by integrating simultaneous ECa signals from a multi-receiver EMI sensor clearly improved the identification of subsoil features.
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Een beeld scheppen van het cultuurlandschap van Zeeuws-Vlaanderen omstreeks het tijdstip van de grote overstromingen op het einde van de veertiende en het begin van de vijftiende eeuw is vanuit archeologische invalshoek niet eenvoudig,... more
Een beeld scheppen van het cultuurlandschap van Zeeuws-Vlaanderen omstreeks het tijdstip van de grote overstromingen op het einde van de veertiende en het begin van de vijftiende eeuw is vanuit archeologische invalshoek niet eenvoudig, laat staan dat er grip te verkrijgen is op de geografische situatie net voor of na de Sint-Elisabethsvloed van 1404. De oorzaak is voor een deel te zoeken bij de militaire inundaties op het einde van de zestiende eeuw (vanaf 1583-1585) en de herstelperiode achteraf, die het huidige landschap verder zouden bepalen. De toen ontstane stroomgeulen hebben vermoedelijk heel wat erosie en sedimentatie met zich meegebracht. Sommige polders werden reeds herbedijkt tijdens het Twaalfjarig Bestand (1609-1621), de meeste werden echter voltooid na de Vrede van Münster (1648). Kenmerkend is het rationele en veelal geometrische verkavelingspatroon: een strak wegennet en perceelspatroon, evenwijdig of haaks op elkaar georiënteerd. De initiatiefnemers hadden hierbij nauwelijks rekening gehouden met de toenmalige cultuurlandschappelijke indeling. De grote geulen bleven nog een tijdje open en werden later pas afgedamd en ingepolderd. De drastische landschapstransformatie, de (overwegende) discontinuïteit in de bewoning en een lacune aan archeologische vindplaatsen en structuren suggereren een grotendeels verdwenen (of verloren?) middeleeuws cultuurlandschap. Pogingen tot reconstructie kunnen slechts tot een 'papieren landschap' leiden dat elke band met het materiële heeft verloren, althans, zo dacht men erover. Een diepgaander onderzoek leert evenwel dat deze uitgestrekte inundaties en de herstructurering achteraf nochtans ook voordelen met zich meebrachten voor reconstructie van het middeleeuwse cultuurlandschap. In onderhavig artikel willen we aantonen dat het huidige landschap inderdaad nog heel wat middeleeuwse structuren herbergt, die hetzij verborgen liggen of als dusdanig nooit herkend werden. Door associatie en een interactieve studie van deze structuren kan toch enig inzicht verkregen worden in de aard van het cultuurlandschap en de overstromingsproblematiek omstreeks 1400. Vooraleer hierop in te gaan, is het nodig om kort de problematiek met betrekking tot de studie van de materiële cultuur te belichten aangaande de periode vóór de militaire inundaties.
Research Interests: Historical Geography, Landscape Archaeology, Environmental History, Landscape History, Medieval Cartography, and 10 moreRenaissance Cartography, Medieval Flanders, Historical Cartography, Medieval Landscapes, Historical Geography, Historical Cartography, Environmental History, Deserted Medieval Villages, Historical Floods, Landscape and Land-use-history, Pieter Pourbus, and Zeeuws-Vlaanderen
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The archaeological evaluation of project sites is often solemnly based on extensive trenching programmes complemented with auger surveys. However, these methods lack spatial continuity, which can make detected structures difficult to... more
The archaeological evaluation of project sites is often solemnly based on extensive trenching programmes complemented with auger surveys. However, these methods lack spatial continuity, which can make detected structures difficult to interpret. A mobile multi-signal electromagnetic induction (EMI) survey was therefore incorporated in the archaeological evaluation of a large polder site in the northwest of Belgium. Using a mobile multicoil EMI instrument enabled us to map of both the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) as well as the apparent magnetic susceptibility (MSa) of different soil volumes of the study area. This study illustrates the potential of multi-signal EMI prospection for geoarchaeological research.
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Prospection methods for archaeology focus on detecting very small features compared to other geophysical investigations. This requires very high density measurements of a sufficiently large area to map the buried archaeological remains... more
Prospection methods for archaeology focus on detecting very small features compared to other geophysical investigations. This requires very high density measurements of a sufficiently large area to map the buried archaeological remains and their context. In this research, the suitability of a mobile electromagnetic induction sensor is tested on an experimental field with buried metal tubes of 1ha and on a medieval site of 8ha. Both fields were successfully mapped in a 2 by 2m resolution and a smaller area of interest in a 0.2 by 0.5m resolution with the mobile sensor. The simultaneous recording of the magnetic susceptibility and the apparent electrical conductivity yields complementary information. Compared with a stationary grid measurement, apart from a slight shift in the driving direction the maps show similar patterns. For long surveys, especially the magnetic susceptibility suffers from drifts in time, which should be monitored and corrected.
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Strolling through the Flemish coastal ‘polders’ at the beginning of the 21st century, visitors capable of mentally eliminating the wall of high-rise blocks along the coastline, the motorways criss-crossing the countryside, and the often... more
Strolling through the Flemish coastal ‘polders’ at the beginning of the 21st century, visitors capable of mentally eliminating the wall of high-rise blocks along the coastline, the motorways criss-crossing the countryside, and the often chaotic development of residential areas, are still impressed by the emptiness of the land, the wide views, the - for Flanders - large and scattered farms, the heavy clay soils, the large plots of land. As such the present-day rural landscape perfectly fits a large scale commercial agriculture with a high labourproductivity. This however, has not always been the case. At the end of the thirteenth century, rural society in the coastal area in many ways resembled the situation in other parts of Flanders, with a predominance of small and very small holdings, combining arable farming and animal husbandry with proto-industrial activities in order to make a living for themselves and their families. However, from that period on rural society in the Flemish coastal plain would make a gradual shift towards large scale market-oriented agriculture, introducing a structural transformation of both economy and society.
In this paper, we will argue that this transformation of rural economy was reflected in a
transformation of the rural landscape. Both the core-elements of the rural landscape, such as field systems, settlement patterns, infrastructure but also secondary characteristics such as the energy-management, the food production and the environmental sustainability were affected by radical changes in the structures of rural economy and society. This of course is not a completely new idea: for instance, the interrelation of agricultural commercialisation and the enclosure of the English rural landscape has always been one of the main themes in British agrarian history. In most cases however, the main focus is either on the landscape or on the agriculture. The connection between both variables is often based on intuition and theoretically and methodologically less solid. Furthermore, for coastal societies in the North Sea Area it’s still quite new to interrelate rural transformation and landscape, as the transformation on both fields has been so radical that it has long time been difficult to study the former situation, which in case of the landscape, has been sometimes literally erased by impressive amounts of more recent sedimentation.
In this paper, we will argue that this transformation of rural economy was reflected in a
transformation of the rural landscape. Both the core-elements of the rural landscape, such as field systems, settlement patterns, infrastructure but also secondary characteristics such as the energy-management, the food production and the environmental sustainability were affected by radical changes in the structures of rural economy and society. This of course is not a completely new idea: for instance, the interrelation of agricultural commercialisation and the enclosure of the English rural landscape has always been one of the main themes in British agrarian history. In most cases however, the main focus is either on the landscape or on the agriculture. The connection between both variables is often based on intuition and theoretically and methodologically less solid. Furthermore, for coastal societies in the North Sea Area it’s still quite new to interrelate rural transformation and landscape, as the transformation on both fields has been so radical that it has long time been difficult to study the former situation, which in case of the landscape, has been sometimes literally erased by impressive amounts of more recent sedimentation.
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In november 2005 werd in opdracht van de gemeente Sluis archeologisch onderzoek uitgevoerd in Schoondijke (gemeente Sluis) op de locatie Einsteinstraat. Het onderzoek en onderhavig rapport is tot stand gekomen door een samenwerking van... more
In november 2005 werd in opdracht van de gemeente Sluis archeologisch onderzoek uitgevoerd in Schoondijke (gemeente Sluis) op de locatie Einsteinstraat. Het onderzoek en onderhavig rapport is tot stand gekomen door een samenwerking van ADC ArcheoProjecten en het VNC-project “Verdwenen cultuurlandschappen in het grensgebied van Vlaanderen en Nederland” van de Universiteit Gent (België) en de Universiteit Wageningen. In het plangebied langs de Einsteinstraat werd een industriezone uitgebreid. Deze bouwplannen zouden de aanwezige archeologische resten vernietigen.
Vooronderzoek heeft immers uitgewezen dat zich op deze plaats laatmiddeleeuwse bewoning bevond. Er werd een middeleeuwse omwalde hoeve verwacht. Historisch-geografisch onderzoek kon dit vermoeden reeds voor de start van de opgravingen bevestigen. De site werd geïdentificeerd als een niet bij naam genoemd hof met walgracht, zoals vermeld staat in de ommeloper van de Oude Yevenwatering uit 1550-’51. Ook de eigendomgeschiedenis gedurende de 16de eeuw kon in belangrijke mate gereconstrueerd worden.
Tijdens het archeologisch onderzoek kwamen resten aan het licht van een omgracht en deels ommuurd opperhof, en een neerhof met stalgebouw. Op het neerhof zijn onder andere een stalgebouw, enkele hooioppers, grachten, kuilen en een drenkput onderzocht. Het stalgebouw dat volledig werd blootgelegd dateert uit de eerste helft of het derde kwart van de 16de eeuw. Vondstmateriaal wees uit dat de site bewoond is geweest tussen de tweede helft 13de of 14de eeuw en de late 16de eeuw. De site, gelegen op enkele honderden meters ten noordwesten van de verdwenen dorpskom van Oud-Schoondijke, werd ontsloten door een netwerk van waterwegen en was gebouwd op de grens van akker- en grasland. Vermoedelijk werd de site onder de oorlogsdruk verlaten in het laatste kwart van de 16de eeuw (Tachtigjarige Oorlog,
1566-1648). Het landschap rond Oud-Schoondijke werd kort nadien door de Zeventien Provincies (Noordelijke Nederlanden) onder water gezet als verdedigingsmaatregel tegen het Spaanse leger onder Alexander Farnese. De jaren erop ontwikkelde het goed georganiseerde middeleeuwse landschap zich in een getijdenlandschap, waardoor de site en het omringende land grotendeels onder sedimentatie verdween. Pas omstreeks 1650 werd de omgeving opnieuw bewoonbaar.
Historische gegevens en een greep uit het schaarse vondstmateriaal wijzen erop dat de bewoners van het opperhof tot de hogere lagen van de middeleeuwse samenleving behoorden. Diverse gegevens geven aan dat men zich met ambachtelijke taken, landbouw en veeteelt bezig hield. Of hierbij alleen voor eigen gebruik of ook voor commerciële doeleinden is geproduceerd, is niet duidelijk. De veestapel werd wellicht voornamelijk voor melkproductie gehouden, getuige de vele melkteilen die zijn gevonden. Resten van zaden tonen aan dat in de omgeving vlas en granen werden verbouwd en verwerkt.
Vooronderzoek heeft immers uitgewezen dat zich op deze plaats laatmiddeleeuwse bewoning bevond. Er werd een middeleeuwse omwalde hoeve verwacht. Historisch-geografisch onderzoek kon dit vermoeden reeds voor de start van de opgravingen bevestigen. De site werd geïdentificeerd als een niet bij naam genoemd hof met walgracht, zoals vermeld staat in de ommeloper van de Oude Yevenwatering uit 1550-’51. Ook de eigendomgeschiedenis gedurende de 16de eeuw kon in belangrijke mate gereconstrueerd worden.
Tijdens het archeologisch onderzoek kwamen resten aan het licht van een omgracht en deels ommuurd opperhof, en een neerhof met stalgebouw. Op het neerhof zijn onder andere een stalgebouw, enkele hooioppers, grachten, kuilen en een drenkput onderzocht. Het stalgebouw dat volledig werd blootgelegd dateert uit de eerste helft of het derde kwart van de 16de eeuw. Vondstmateriaal wees uit dat de site bewoond is geweest tussen de tweede helft 13de of 14de eeuw en de late 16de eeuw. De site, gelegen op enkele honderden meters ten noordwesten van de verdwenen dorpskom van Oud-Schoondijke, werd ontsloten door een netwerk van waterwegen en was gebouwd op de grens van akker- en grasland. Vermoedelijk werd de site onder de oorlogsdruk verlaten in het laatste kwart van de 16de eeuw (Tachtigjarige Oorlog,
1566-1648). Het landschap rond Oud-Schoondijke werd kort nadien door de Zeventien Provincies (Noordelijke Nederlanden) onder water gezet als verdedigingsmaatregel tegen het Spaanse leger onder Alexander Farnese. De jaren erop ontwikkelde het goed georganiseerde middeleeuwse landschap zich in een getijdenlandschap, waardoor de site en het omringende land grotendeels onder sedimentatie verdween. Pas omstreeks 1650 werd de omgeving opnieuw bewoonbaar.
Historische gegevens en een greep uit het schaarse vondstmateriaal wijzen erop dat de bewoners van het opperhof tot de hogere lagen van de middeleeuwse samenleving behoorden. Diverse gegevens geven aan dat men zich met ambachtelijke taken, landbouw en veeteelt bezig hield. Of hierbij alleen voor eigen gebruik of ook voor commerciële doeleinden is geproduceerd, is niet duidelijk. De veestapel werd wellicht voornamelijk voor melkproductie gehouden, getuige de vele melkteilen die zijn gevonden. Resten van zaden tonen aan dat in de omgeving vlas en granen werden verbouwd en verwerkt.
